GLUSHAK, N. The Architecture of Collapse: Applying Modern Systems Theory to the Institutional Fragility of the Mali Empire: A Historical Case Study in Leadership Dependency, Operational Fragility, and Institutional Durability. International Journal of Business and Social Science Research, [S. l.], v. 7, n. 4, p. 10–19, 2026. DOI: 10.47742/ijbssr.v7n4p2. Disponível em: https://ijbssrnet.com/index.php/ijbssr/article/view/275. Acesso em: 25 apr. 2026.